覆膜旱作稻田土壤有效N、P、K及盐分分层变化研究

以常规水作和裸地旱作作对照,对覆膜旱作栽培条件下稻田各土层(0～60cm)土壤有效N、P、K和盐分含量变化作了比较研究。结果表明:与常规水作相比,覆膜旱作稻田10～15cm土层的碱解氮与有效磷含量显著增加,其余差异不大。与裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作稻田5～15cm土层的碱解氮含量及5～20cm土层的有效磷含量显著增加,其余差异不大。与常规水作和裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作稻田土壤速效钾含量在20cm以上土层增加明显。当地下水位较高时,覆膜旱作稻田0～5cm表层土壤表现积盐,地下水位较低时表层表现脱盐。     

Effects of soil water content on growth,tillering, and manganese uptake of lowland rice grown in the water‐saving ground‐cover rice‐production system (GCRPS)

A 2‐year field experiment and a pot experiment were carried out to compare Mn uptake, tillering, and plant growth of lowland rice grown under different soil water conditions in the ground‐cover rice‐production system (GCRPS) in Beijing, North China. The field experiment was conducted in 2001 and 2002, including two treatments: lowland‐rice variety (Oryza sativa L. spp. japonica) grown under thin (14 μm) plastic‐film soil cover (GCRPS_plastic) at 80%–90% water‐holding capacity (WHC) and traditional lowland rice (paddy control) grown with 3 cm standing‐water table. The pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four treatments: (1) traditional lowland rice: paddy control; (2) GCRPS, water‐saturated soil: GCRPS_saturated; (3) GCRPS at 90% water‐holding capacity (WHC): GCRPS_90%WHC; and (4) GCRPS at 70% WHC: GCRPS_70%WHC. Results of the field experiment showed that dry‐matter production, number of tillers, as well as N and Mn concentrations in rice shoots of GCRPS were significantly lower than in paddy control, while there was no significant difference in shoot Fe, Cu, Zn, and P concentration and nematode populations. In the pot experiment, shoot Mn concentration significantly decreased with decreasing soil water content, while soil redox potential increased. Shoot–dry matter production and tiller number of GCRPS_saturated were significantly higher than in other treatments. Significant correlations were observed between the shoot Mn concentration and tiller number at maximum tillering stage in the field and pot experiment, respectively. We therefore conclude that the limitation of Mn acquisition might contribute to the growth and yield reduction of lowland rice grown in GCRPS. The experiment provides evidence that GCRPS_plastic combined with nearly water‐saturated soil conditions helps saving water and achieving optimum crop development without visual or latent Mn deficiency as observed under more aerobic conditions.     

花生疮痂病在青岛市的发生及防治技术研究

花生疮痂病近几年在青岛市大面积发生,已成为青岛花生产区一种主要病害。通过轮作、地膜覆盖均能减轻该病危害,且轮作防治效果明显。田间以30%苯甲丙环唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂和70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂防治效果较好。     

地膜覆盖和保水剂对甘蔗生长及产量的影响

设保水剂、地膜覆盖及只淋等量清水为对照3个处理,测定对甘蔗农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果：从蔗茎产量分析,保水剂及地膜覆盖分别比对照增8985kg/hm2、8415kg/hm2,分别增9.8%、9.2%;从含糖量分析,保水剂及地膜覆盖分别比对照增1396.5kg/hm2、1246.5kg/hm2,分别增10.8%、9.6%;从经济效益分析,保水剂及地膜覆盖分别比对照增3592.5元/hm2、3427.5元/hm2,分别增7.84%、7.48%。结论：保水剂对甘蔗生长及产量有促进作用,且成本低,效益高,值得推广应用。     

早稻机插及配套丰产栽培技术

光泽县自2011年引进插秧机,推广机械化插秧。介绍了光泽县早稻机械化育秧技术及配套丰产栽培技术。     

早稻直播覆膜旱作对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响

 对早稻直播覆膜旱作与常规水作栽培对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响进行了比较研究。与常规水作栽培水稻相比，直播覆膜旱作早稻千粒重显著下降，是导致产量明显下降的主要原因之一。而粒重的下降则主要归因于直播覆膜旱作较常规水作水稻灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能的衰退要快，表现为根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率等下降较快，叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等保护酶活性迅速下降，而丙二醛含量较高，使籽粒干物质积累受阻，揭示出提高灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能是进一步提高直播覆膜旱作早稻粒重和最终产量的重要途径。     

地膜覆盖栽培对冬小麦衰老进程的影响

为了进一步了解地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育的影响，对地膜穴播、膜侧沟播、露地条播条件下冬小麦的生理指标进行了研究。结果表明，地膜穴播和膜侧沟播小麦的根系活力在抽穗前高于露地小麦，开花期后低于露地小麦，但差异很小，无明显的早衰趋势；旗叶和倒二叶的叶绿素含量在籽粒形成期前以地膜穴播和膜侧沟播的略高，而籽粒形成期之后三种不同播种方式的几乎无差异；叶片功能期的长短、叶片中MDA的含量和POD活性在三种播种方式下的差异也非常小。研究结果说明地膜覆盖不会加速地上部的衰老进程。     

浅析当前杂交稻种子形势与贮藏对策

１９９５年生产的杂交水稻种子与１９９６年生产应用需要约多余７．５万ｔ，种子隔年贮藏以塑料小包装后，再放入低温低湿仓库或利用军用仓库贮存，至翌年或第３年发芽率还很高，可避免损失。     

播期及覆膜处理对旱稻养分吸收和产量的影响

【目的】 研究裸地和覆膜处理与不同播期组合对旱稻生长、养分吸收及产量的影响。【方法】 采用田间试验,设置裸地和覆膜2个处理,每处理3个播期,即4月15日(早播)、5月1日(适播)、5月15日(晚播),旱稻品种选用旱香1号、旱香2号,分析旱稻的干物质重、养分吸收及产量。【结果】 覆膜处理旱稻干物质重、养分吸收及产量均显著高于裸地处理,分别高出14.7%~19.5%、8.8%~54.2%和18.4%~24.0%。不覆膜条件下,晚播干物质重、养分吸收及产量均显著高于早播,分别高出17.5%~22.1%、23.3%~55.0%和71.7%~85.1%。覆膜条件下,适播处理干物质重、养分吸收及产量最高,较早播和晚播分别增加9.0%~18.0%、7.5%~30.3%和3.6%~24.8%。【结论】 旱稻在覆膜和适播条件下,有利于旱稻生长和养分吸收,并提高产量,为最佳的栽培模式。     

不同覆盖种植模式对春油菜苗期生长和光合特性的影响

为了提高中国北方春油菜的抗旱、抗寒出苗能力,实现及早播种、培育壮苗,采用黑色和白色两种地膜与不同播种方式相结合,以甘蓝型油菜‘青杂5号’为供试品种,设计5种不同种植模式与传统常规露地条播进行比较,分析春油菜幼苗生长和光合特性,筛选最有利于春油菜幼苗生长的覆盖种植模式。结果表明:白膜平铺穴播种植方式下春油菜苗期叶片大,可用于壮苗培育;叶片光反应下叶绿素浓度高,暗反应下叶绿素浓度低,具有较高的光转化效率;蒸腾强度和气孔开放程度低,光合作用能力较强;光合速率、水分利用效率、羧化效率、光能利用率和油菜籽产量均明显高于露地条播种植,也优于其他覆盖种植模式,是一种资源利用率较高的种植模式,可在北方春油菜产区作为抗旱、抗寒栽培的有效措施进行推广。